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@
`PONRK@` ODEGD@
`PONRK@` KTVN`
`PONRKIJ DOM

DyεwVAκwΘ@PXXV
ΔC@E.t[h
{ιΰΖq@@Ρc~q
O `PONII PO-QTRRKI...
Ru}y~p E.L.Uutrz T~yruyup Rp
M{ MI`CI
T}{ IID@
M,
tu~ T~yruyup Rp 4-s {
p u}y~pp E.L. Uutrz, xpu|y
p{pxrp ruz p~u ~p
{} x{u, {z } yx
pu} 4 stp. M
u~ pt, u|y ~py p{px q
t
|ux~ y~p~~}, qu~~
{y} s},
uxwpy} r `~yy, y|y ru}, { y~uu
u u.
T `PONRK@` ODEGD@
`~{p tuwtp, yy uu r|u~y y pxryy - t~p yx y~uu~uzy
p~y, rxp~~ ~py~p|~z {
|
z ~{s ~ptp. H~p~yu s,
~y|y ~ p~u, {p{ ~y turp uzp, }wu } q|u
x~p
`~yy, |
u ~ wyx~ p~.
T }~sy |tuz r }yu y
}y~p~yy `~yy px
rx~y{pu r x~p~yy q|y{
}p|u~{z yx~z wu~y~ r ~py~p|~z tuwtu - {y}~. Ky}~ - {p{ q
ryxy~p {p{p `~yy, p{ sp~y~ p tuwtp upu utpr|u~y}y
p~u.
B |ut~yu st, r st pxryy y pyu~y {~p{r `~yy t
sy}y p~p}y,
tuwtp ~ur ru q|u y q|u yq|ywpu { p~tpp} uruz{z }t.
^ uuru~~z u r|y~y {
|
r
p{yr~s rxpy}tuzyry ~ptr,
{z ~u u| }y} y z ~ wyx~y ~ur.
Ot~p{ ~u} ~p
u~tu~y
~yy{pyy r~u~us q|y{p ru}u~~s u|ru{p,
~py~p|~u ruqpxyu ~{z tuwt ru-p{y p~u. Oqu~~ ~ps|t~
ruqpxyu xp}u~ r tuwtu, {
y~ ~y r px|y~ wuru~~
|
p wyx~y.
@
1. SQ@DIWIONN@` `PONRK@` ODEGD@
Nu{u wu~y~ ~pturp {y}~ r q |
p p{y, {p{ Nrz st, urz
pqyz tu~ Nrs stp, tu~ ruu~~|uy, ~p r
{~z ruu |u r
{~s
p{p y ..
Ky}~ - ptyy~~p ~{p tuwtp, ~ us }tu| uu~~ }u~|p, yq|ywp
{ ru}u~~}
ryt
. B tur~y r uyt prup rxuz Kypu}, `~y yrp|p
q|u r|y~yu {ypz{z {
|
~p ru ~ wyx~y ~ur, r } y|u
y ~p tuwt
. N r IX ru{u r `~yy
y|y|p u~tu~y rqwtu~y y~p~~s
r|y~y,
y|y| u}|u~y
{u|u~y y pxryy ruz ~py~p|~z {
|
.
Puu~~ p|y }yr, {|ptrp y ry ysy~p|~u }tu|y tuwt.
Bpw~ {pxp, r ru} p|y pxryrp y ry ~py~p|~u pyu{
~u
y|y, {u rurrp|y qu~~} qp ~ur,
yrp|y
|ry
wyx~y, r|pw~z {|y}p `~yy. Npy}u, r yyu{y tuur~~, ~{y t}p
{}~p u~ ruyrp.
^ u~ t| wyx~y r
|ry r|pw~s |up, ~ xy}z r p{} t}u |
p~u u|. P}
r |t~
st
|ty r~
wtu~ q|y ~pturp }~s
{y}~: t~ ru t
ss. I~stp {|yur p{y {y}~ tty| t 10 y
q|uu. ^p wu~{p tuwtp yxru~p t ~pxrp~yu} "tx~yy". Ruzp
}w~
rytu "tx~yy" ~p rptqp |u~r ~{z y}up{z
u}y. Kpy {pxp, ~p q~ rptqp, ~urup ~pturpu {y}~, {z
{s yu| yx XVII ru{p. I , y t
su {y}~ |ypu }tu|y ~~u~us
{y}~.
B py~
tuwtp |
wy|p x~p{} y~pt|uw~y uu xy~p { z y|y y~z quru~~z
s
u. Gu~y~-py{p{y ~pturp|y u~ t|y~~u {y}~, t| {s ~
|
|
. Pt ~us ~y ~pturp|y t
su ~ut|y~~u {y}~, {u |
wy| r {puru
qu|. ^ {y}~, {u u |ty ~pturp|y {p{ q
t~y~
tuwt
. Rypu,
p tuwtp r|u y} ~~u~us {y}~.
B ru} ~pturp~y {y}~ r py~
|xrp|y ~{z u}z, {p xprxrp|p
~p p|yy y|y ~p ~yu. N yq|yxyu|~ XVV ru{p p|y |xrp |z
t|y~~z {p~, {p ~pxrpu "qy". ^p {p~ |
wy }.
P|x
y} y r ~puu ru}. Oqu~~
ru|yy|p yy~p wu~{s p
"qy". O~p tys|p yq|yxyu|~ 30 p~y}ur. B rxy y}
rx~y{|p q|u}p, {p{ xprxrp p{z . Pry|y px|y~u p~
x|r.
Ot~p{ qux ~~uz }y pry p{y}y
x|p}y tr|~ |w~. B
u}
}~syu ru}u~~u ~{y ~u }s
p}u|~ ~ptu {y}~.
Yyy~p }
w{s p "qy", pr~u~y wu~{y},
ru|yy|p ~u
p{ x~pyu|~. R
ur
u }~u~yu, rxp~ u}, }
wy~u ~
w~
q| ~y xp } }u. Ruzp u~ }p| }
wy~ ~pturpu {y}~. B ru}
ruz rptq ~u{u }
wy~ ~pturp uyp|~u {y}~, ~ r t
sy wuru~~
|
p }
wy~p ut{ ~pturpu {y}~. M
w{u {y}~ ~u p{ {, {p{ wu~{u,
~ q~ qux
xp.
Ruzp r ~r~} {p~ t| {y}~ |
wy u|{, ~ u p{wu |pq
}pw~u
y u~u {y}~. Sp{ {p{ u|{ u~ ts y qpp ~y}
t~uu, ~utpr~
ry| {y}~ yx y{
ru~~ {p~uz, {u tuur|u y u r qpu~yy.
B xpryy}y {p~y, uu
xp y .t. px|ypu ~u{|{ rytr {y}~.
Npy}u, |pq
}pw~u {y}~, {u ~pxrpu "{pp", ~u|x
~pturp r wuru~~ |
p. Es p y|x
{p{ ~~
ywp}
. P}
r ~}up sy~y `~yy {y}~ p rty r {}|u{ u|~s qu|.
Kpy {pwp, r sy~yu y }
wy~p p |
u y} {y}~.
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2. ROBQEMENN@` `PONRK@` ODEGD@
B uuty~u XIX ru{p, {stp r `~yy p|
p r|y~yu
uruz{z {
|
, r }t
~pp| rty uruz{yz {}. Suu r ru}u~~z
`~yy u~ }p| u, { ~pturpu {y}~ {p{ q
t~y~u |pu : y ru
~ q~ ~ uruz{yz {}.
M
wy~, {u pqp r {}p~yy, q~ ~pturp {}-trz{
. Np pq
~pturp {
tuwt
~u y~, y pu rus ~y ~pturp {} y~us y|y
us rup. Qpqpyu wu~y~ ~pturp, pr~u~y }
wy~p}y, q|uu {
tuwt
px|y~s {, ~ {ypyz, |y{} }t~z ~pt ~p pq
~y
q~ ~u y~. E p{yu utyy, {p{, ~py}u, qp~{,
~yru}ps, stu
wu~y~-|
wpyu ~pturp }
.
M~syu ~, qu~~ t{y, y~uu
~ruzuz }tz, y y}u~~ t|
~y yxtp }~sy|u~~u w
~p| }t.
O~y |ut xp }tz y pp ~y |{ }t~
tuwt
. E|y r ptuu
r u~ stp r {~u ~utu|y, r
rytyu }t~ tu
}|tuw, ~, { wp|u~y,
r y ~ptp ~u tp~ y~tyryt
p|~y: ru ~y u~ wy t
s ~p t
sp.
Ruty |tuz ut~us rxpp |x
u
|~ tuwtp yxru~ }tu|ur
Up~yy y Ip|yy. B p{y q|y stp, {p{ S{y u }~s }pspxy~r, stu
tpu u~ tsp tuwtp ~pruzy uruz{y }tu|uz.
K~u~, u ~, {u ~u u~ y~uu
}t~z tuwtz, y r ~r~}
p{y q|u uty wy| |tuz. O~y utyp ptyy~~u }tu|y, {z~u
rup. P pr~u~y uruzp}y, r tuwtu ~ur }u~u {y {p{.
K|y}p r `~yy ~u ruxtu ty~p{r. Np uruu ~ ruu~~ ~u p{z, {p{ ~p
su. P}
ur
~u{u |yy r tuwtu. Npy}u, |u} r `~yy
u~ t
~, }
~ utyp tuwt
yx |pq
}pw~ {p~uz.
N r uru~z py `~yy xt~ ruu} p~ry pr~yu|~ |pt~,
p{ }wu ysty q|uu u|p tuwtp. Oqu~~ r w~z py |u}
t| ut
uwtu~y |~u~s
tpp ~uqty} s|r~z
q. N xy}z tpwu r
uru~z py ~ ~u qxpu|u~. P pr~u~y uruzp}y r `~yy }u~u
u, { ~y xpy~u {y |~p |u}.
Hy}z r uru~ pz~p `~yy ~uqty}p yr{|xp q
r. Np su y
r u~p|~ q|p p~, ~py}u r S{y, ~p ~u ~
w~p, }
p}
ut{ rptpu ~us. Lty r q|y uru~ stp, ~py}u r Rp, xy}z
~u ~ qu~~ u|
tuwt
. Su, { tu |y{} u|, qpp ~p uq
r~y}p~yu. Oq~
y yx w~z py `~yy, t| { {|y}p rp
V{{pzt {pwu u~
r}.
@
3. PQIXERK@
B py~
, {stp {y}~ q| q
t~y~z tuwtz, ~,
y }
wy~ y wu~y~, ~y|y t|y~~u r| y xpurp|y y ~pru,
{|ptrp
r utu|u~~
yu{
. Ruzp y| p~u |{ r yu{p qr
"
}".
N~u~p yu{p ~ur uruyxyrp~p y
wu, ~py}u, ~u ut{ }
wy~p
u}p~u~}. M~syu }
wy~ r `~yy u~ qu{u~ u}, ~py~p p~
|u. P}
r `~yy p{yr~ pxpqprp px|y~u q qq
y}.
Qp~u sry|y, "B| - wyx~ wu~y~", y y r| q|
y~~y}} {~p wyx~y. Suu ~{y ~pt
tr|ryu r }u~u px|y~
yu{. P|x
u
|~ y {{p yw{p. N r wu ru} u
wu~y~, {u yp rpw~} p~ ry t|y~~u r|.
Ppy{}pu{yu `~yy |yp tr|~ r{z {
|
z q|
wyrp~y. Bp}
}s
ut|wy u~ y{yz uuu~,
|
s, r{|p tpwu y }ppw s|r
y |u. B }~sy wu~{y py{}pu{y ~u |{ tu|p uyp|~u yu{y,
{u rur
{y}~, ~ y }sp ~pturp {y}~.
Tt xp {wuz |yp, uy,
{ - wu
|
sy, {u {pxrp r py{}pu{y.
B } y|u tu|p }p{yw, {z rur
u p{z tuwtu, {p{ {y}~. B
} y{
ru ~p{|ptrp uyp|~z sy} p~ p{y ptyy~~z
{}uy{y uw~y ru}u~. Bpw~ {pxp, ~~u~ {}uy{p y|~ |ypu
ptyy~~z ~{z {}uy{y.
4. KORMESIK@
Kp{ r ru} }yu, r `~yy yxtpr~p
urrp|p {}uy{p.
Iy ~{z {}uy{y {p{ q tu|y ~p trp uytp: t Bz }yrz
rz~ y |u ~uu. P|u Bz }yrz rz~ r `~yy |
y|p y{u pp~u~yu
p}uy{p~{p {}uy{p.
Ruzp ruxtu u~ y{ u{|p}y
rp }~sy {}uyu{y y}, s|pr~}
qpx}, p}uy{p~{y. N p{ p| ru} ~utpr~. D |ut~us ru}u~y ~
uq||y {}uy{
, {p ptyy~~ yrxy|p yx Kyp. O~p y|~
|ypu ru}u~~z {}uy{y. Npy}u, uzp ruu~~ ~u
uq|u
ry~rp y
~p
tp. N ptyy~~
~{
}p~u
}p{ywp y uzp
}w~
rytu
szy y p{ur upp "{pq
{y": s
~p
tyrp
|y, { {py s
q.
Eu
~ur q| ysy~p|~z, y }wu q, {y xu~y y~p~ur, p~~z
qpz. B x~p{ ruu~|uy y|y r rxy xp}
wur} ~{y {rp|y ry
x
q u~z {p{z. Qp~u u~u x
q
tur
{y q|y x~p{} s, ~p
wu rx|p y }wu rzy xp}
w. N ru}u~u} p|y {rp x
q ru xwu
y xwu, y r q|y~ru |
pur p|y u~y x
q yp|y y}r|} ru~y
y t~y xp}
w~uz wu~y~. R t
sz ~, u~p {p{p xpyp|p
x
q q|ux~uz. N r {~u VIV ru{p stp~uu pryu|r xpuy| u~y
x
q, y qpz uu~~
u| yx wyx~y ~ur.
B wu ru} ptyyy ~{z {}uy{y r| t Bz }yrz rz~ p~|y
uty ~{. Puwtu rus ptyy s
qu|y |y.
B 50-u st ~~u~us |uy ~pp| y{yz r
{ {}uy{y y p}uyy.
B `~yy p|p
|~z p}uy{p~{p {}uy{p, y
wu ~y{ ~u p| ~p
tyrp
ru |y, {p{ tu|p|y uwtu.
Ruzp ~{y utyp q|uu ~p
p|~u, uuru~~u ~p {}uy{y. B{
u~y s|pt{p, ~uw~p, qu|p {wp. B `~yy ~u y~ { {py. ^
ypu ~p
u~yu} pry| us ~p.
K }
wu ypu ~uy|y~}, y tpwu |}, ux}u~u
uq|u~yu t
r
ux{y} xpp}. `~, pr~u~y uruzp}y, ut{ |x
t
p}y.
B rut~ur~z wyx~y q|y~r ~ur ~u
uq|u t
y, p |x
u y}y
|y r q |
p y|y r pxt~y~yu t~y.
Qp~u r `~yy |{ py{p
uq||y t
y-}
{
, yruxu~~u yx Kyp.
Buru rp uruz{yz p}uyy q|y xpruxu~ r `~y s||p~tp}y. @
uru ~{yu t
y ry|y r `~yy |y r {~u VIV ru{p. P{|{
yy
~{z p}uyy ~u p{ ru|y{p, ~{y t
r }p|. Ruzp r ~r~} tp
t
y uruz{s yxrrp, y ~y u~ tsy.
N r wu ru} y~uu~ }uy, ~, qu~~ }|tu, u~ |ut
xp yz rus u|p, p, y~stp 2-3 pxp r tu~, y~y}p t
. Mw~
{pxp, ~ - y|~u |ty, y ru} p}u~} xppp} utyp
xpp ruwus qu| y yr}rs u|p.
@
5. @KRERRT@Q\
B `~yy p{yu p{u
p, {p{ wuu|u, qy, {
|~
q|y ~u u~ pp~u~, }
{y}~ p} uqu
wu r|~u {pyr
y ~u uq
u t
sy
{pu~yz. N |u s, {p{ wu~y~ ~pp|y yurp
r| ~pru, p| pxryrp ~ppr|u~yu ru|y~s tu|p yxsr|u~y
{pyr q
|pr{ t| r|.
D
sz p{u
p, rxp~~z {y}~ - "~
{". "N
{"
- p{y~u
{pu~yu, {u y{u| { {~y{
~
{p {u|{p, {z
q~ ~ xp } "qy", q ~ ~u u|. E ~u{u
"~
{" , {u tu|p~ yx {p||p, |~rs qyr~ y|y pspp.
P ~y} r|~u~p u~ ~{p uxqp, y y }w~ ~pxrp ~py}y yxrutu~y}y
y{|pt~s y{
rp. Sp{ {p{ uu ~ ~u p ~pturp {y}~, uq~
r p{y
{pu~y p|p u~ sp~yu~~z.
B `~yy y{u pp~u~yu |
y| y{
ru~~u rpyrp~yu wu}
sp.
`~{yz wu}
s, pr~u~y wu}
s}, {z {
|yry
u r p~p w~s
qpuz~p Sys {up~p, }u~u px}u
, ~ ~ |x
u
|~ yx-xp
us {}~z {p y |usp~~y. Mw~ {pxp, wu}
s - tpsu~~u
{pu~yu, {u
}u~ r ru |
p wyx~y, tpwu ~p ~p.
B `~yy ~u y~ ~y }~s
{pu~yz, qu~~ ~p pq
. B }~sy
~yrup}p
y
~yru}psp tprp} ~u pxup ~y px|y~u {yu, q{yu p{u
p.
I r }~sy {|p tu} q~ ~u pxup ~y ~y{p{y
{pu~yz.
Pt r|y~yu} uruz{z {
|
r ru} rptq wu~y q~ tpy ~uruu
q
p|~u {|. B |ut~uu ru} ~urup wu p|p tpy wu~y
{|,
~ u}
- }~syu }
wy~ ~uxp}u~ uup us ~y. Ot~y sr,
}
, ~ }upu, t
syu sr, y} t~ ~y {|, p{
{p{ {|p - p{u
p |{ t| wu~y~. Bu~, uu t|w~ zy {p{u-
ru}, q p uruz{p ptyy {~pu|~ r|p r q ~ur.
Kstp ~ ~pturp {y}~, ~y |ut ~u |{ xp yu{z y p{u
pp}y,
~ y xp q
r. Kp{ pry|, ptyy~~p ~{p q
r.
Sptyy~~z ~{z q
r yp tuur~~u p~tp|yy "sp"
y p~tp|yy yx |} y|y {p~y "txy".
"Cp" yxspr|yrp r ~r~} yx pr|r~yy, y}u trp u}u{p,
{pu}u }uwt
p|p}y y trp r
p ~p tru: t {z y uuty~u
. M
w{yu "sp", {p{ pry|, ~u
{pp, y u}u{y q~
u~s rup. B wu ru} wu~{yu "sp" u~ {pyr, ~y {rp
|p{}, p u}u{y tu|p yx u|{p y|y qppp.
"Dxy" - p~tp|yy ~{s yp, ~y wu y}u trp u}u{p,
{p{ "sp", ~ qux r
r ~p tru.
B ru}u~~z wyx~y "sp" y "txy" ut{ ~, ~ ~u{u
|ty wy|s rxpp utyp ty r q
ry "sp" y "txy".
A|y~r wu ~ur q~ ~y q
r uruz{s yp.
N~u~ q t~y~p tuwtp ~ur y|p yx Er, ~ uzp wu u ~{yu }tu|u, {u q|pstp ru} p|p~ y ysy~p|~} ytu}, p|y |xrp y{z |~ xp sp~yuz. Nuut{ }w~ ruy p}y|yy ~{y tw~y{r {}p} r sp}}p xp quw~ qp|u~ utpr|u~yz. P~u }u xp~|y ~{yu }tu|u y r }uwt ~pt~ {pxp }t. B, ~py}u, ~utpr~ r M{ru ~p Kp~z |pty ~{yz }tu|u Kp~py `}p} y| tu}~py ry }tu|uz, {p |p q|y} u}. C|pr~p qu~~ ~{y }tu|uz tuwt - tp~u up~yu ru}u~~ u~tu~yz }uwt ~pt~z }t ptyy~~}y up}y ~{s ~py~p|~s {}p. R urrp~yu ~rs p} - t~p yx ~y{p|~ qu~~uz pxryy ~{z { | ~p ru}u~~} uu pu.
@
@
@
U@`PONRK@` KTVN`
`~y - p~p, {p yr|u{pu { uqu yp|~u
r~y}p~yu ~u |{ ry}y q|y}y tywu~y}y,
up}y r q|py ~p
{y, u~y{y,
}utyy~. Nu }u~uu yr|u{pu|~p, y~uu~p `~y y ruz {
|
z, ~ury}u
ruqpxyu {z ~yxrpu ru ~ wyx~y ~ur. Kp{ wyr
~,
{p{r ptyyy, qpy, {p{r ~r u}uz~s
{|ptp, u}
tp utu~yu
~, {p{r y wyx~u~~u u~~y y yyu...? Oru ~p y y ~p }~syu
t
syu r, {p{ ~p} utpr|u, }s
q |ux~ t| x~p{}rp
`~yuz.
`~{p ~py~p|~p {
~ u~uzy} qpx} rxp~p suspyu{y}y
|ry}y
p~, uu yyuz. I r wu ru} ~p ~ps|t~ pwpu u qu~~y }y
u~y
~ur, {u p{ y~uu~ y~p~p}.
X ut, ~? Kp{ y {|{ ut? X |q? Nu xtu |y {
ty~ yx u{ur t|s|uy ~ur? Nywu ~p p{px q }.
1 OAQ@H GIHNI `PONWEB I IV KTLIN@QI`
Prut~ur~p yp ~ur y r ~r~} yx yp,
q, ruz. Et q~ y pxp r tu~: xprp{ r 8 pr, qut - r 12 pr,
wy~ - r 7 pr.
Np xprp{ q|y~r ~ur utypu u ptyy~~
~{
y
p{
, {p{
-}y, y, wpu~
q
, |u~, u z y rpu~u ry.
N r |ut~yu st r }~sy u} p|p |
p pp~u~yu y uruz{p
{
~, }
uzp r ~u{ u} xprp{p -uruz{y.
Qpqpyu ~ pu rus qutp r tuur up~p, {u, {p{ pry|,
12 pr t p
t~ |~ ~pt
. Xpu rus ~{yz rpyp~ qutp p{z,
{p{
-|pp, q
uqt y|y "~ysyy" ({|q{ yx rpu~s yp
~py~{z).
Twy~p ~ t}p. B `~yy
wy~ yp p}} rpw~}, }
r q|y~ru
ru} ru}, {stp ru |u~ u}y qyp r}uu. Oq~ ~p
wy~ tp
y,
y px~u q|tp yx ruz, q y|y }p. Cr y ~u |{ -~{y,
~ rx}w~ y|xrp~yu y t
sy {
|y~p~ uur.
B ~{z yu
ur
u u{u pxsp~yu~yu }uwt
pxt~y~z y rut~ur~z
yuz. B `~yy u u|z t pxt~y{r, {stp ptyyy sr {~{u~u
q|tp, {u t|w~ ~uy}u~~ y
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2. ROBQEMENN\J `PONRKIJ DOM
B {~u XIX ru{p r `~yy, {p yxtpr~p q|p xp{z
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B ~pu ru} r `~yy t}p -uruz{y, |ty wyr r {rpyp y|y r tu|~ t}p. Ix}u~y| y| wyx~y ~ur. `~y p|p {~}yu{y }~z tuwprz, {pxp| ~p ru ~p wyx~y ~ur, r } y|u y r q . N ru-p{y ruqpxyu y pp{u~u qu~~y ~{y t}r, p{yu, {p{ "pp}y", "utxy", " }p" y|y "{~}p", y uzp, tpwu r ru}u~~ t}p uruz{s y|, quuw~ p~u, {p{ y}up ruz ~py~p|~z { | .
Htu } xp~ |y |{ y y~uu~u, ~puz {y x|u~y, u}. M p|y ~u}~s p{pxp }, {p{ turp ~, ~y ut, r {p{y t}p wyr . Nptuu}, q| y~uu~ ~py} ypu|}. N u| q }uy, r uu z pq }, ~{yu tu~, x~p|y t| uq }~s ~rs ~puz p~u. E|y utpry rx}w~, u| q t|wy y tp|u pq .
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1997NDyεwOκwVAκwΘ²Ζ
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